Python 3.6.5 Documentation >  "os.path" — Common pathname manipulations

"os.path" — Common pathname manipulations
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**Source code:** Lib/posixpath.py (for POSIX), Lib/ntpath.py (for
Windows NT), and Lib/macpath.py (for Macintosh)

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This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or
write files see "open()", and for accessing the filesystem see the
"os" module. The path parameters can be passed as either strings, or
bytes. Applications are encouraged to represent file names as
(Unicode) character strings. Unfortunately, some file names may not be
representable as strings on Unix, so applications that need to support
arbitrary file names on Unix should use bytes objects to represent
path names. Vice versa, using bytes objects cannot represent all file
names on Windows (in the standard "mbcs" encoding), hence Windows
applications should use string objects to access all files.

Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any *automatic* path
expansions. Functions such as "expanduser()" and "expandvars()" can be
invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path
expansion. (See also the "glob" module.)

See also: The "pathlib" module offers high-level path objects.

Note: All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string
objects as their parameters. The result is an object of the same
type, if a path or file name is returned.

Note: Since different operating systems have different path name
conventions, there are several versions of this module in the
standard library. The "os.path" module is always the path module
suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and
therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and
use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is
*always* in one of the different formats. They all have the same
interface:

* "posixpath" for UNIX-style paths

* "ntpath" for Windows paths

* "macpath" for old-style MacOS paths

os.path.abspath(path)

Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname *path*. On
most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function
"normpath()" as follows: "normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path))".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.basename(path)

Return the base name of pathname *path*. This is the second
element of the pair returned by passing *path* to the function
"split()". Note that the result of this function is different from
the Unix **basename** program; where **basename** for "'/foo/bar/'"
returns "'bar'", the "basename()" function returns an empty string
("''").

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.commonpath(paths)

Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence
*paths*. Raise ValueError if *paths* contains both absolute and
relative pathnames, or if *paths* is empty. Unlike
"commonprefix()", this returns a valid path.

Availability: Unix, Windows

New in version 3.5.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a sequence of *path-like objects*.

os.path.commonprefix(list)

Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that
is a prefix of all paths in *list*. If *list* is empty, return
the empty string ("''").

Note: This function may return invalid paths because it works a
character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see "commonpath()".

>>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
'/usr/l'

>>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
'/usr'

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.dirname(path)

Return the directory name of pathname *path*. This is the first
element of the pair returned by passing *path* to the function
"split()".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.exists(path)

Return "True" if *path* refers to an existing path or an open file
descriptor. Returns "False" for broken symbolic links. On some
platforms, this function may return "False" if permission is not
granted to execute "os.stat()" on the requested file, even if the
*path* physically exists.

Changed in version 3.3: *path* can now be an integer: "True" is
returned if it is an open file descriptor, "False" otherwise.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.lexists(path)

Return "True" if *path* refers to an existing path. Returns "True"
for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to "exists()" on platforms
lacking "os.lstat()".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.expanduser(path)

On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component
of "~" or "~user" replaced by that *user*’s home directory.

On Unix, an initial "~" is replaced by the environment variable
"HOME" if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is
looked up in the password directory through the built-in module
"pwd". An initial "~user" is looked up directly in the password
directory.

On Windows, "HOME" and "USERPROFILE" will be used if set, otherwise
a combination of "HOMEPATH" and "HOMEDRIVE" will be used. An
initial "~user" is handled by stripping the last directory
component from the created user path derived above.

If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde,
the path is returned unchanged.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.expandvars(path)

Return the argument with environment variables expanded.
Substrings of the form "$name" or "${name}" are replaced by the
value of environment variable *name*. Malformed variable names and
references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.

On Windows, "%name%" expansions are supported in addition to
"$name" and "${name}".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.getatime(path)

Return the time of last access of *path*. The return value is a
number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
"time" module). Raise "OSError" if the file does not exist or is
inaccessible.

If "os.stat_float_times()" returns "True", the result is a floating
point number.

os.path.getmtime(path)

Return the time of last modification of *path*. The return value
is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
"time" module). Raise "OSError" if the file does not exist or is
inaccessible.

If "os.stat_float_times()" returns "True", the result is a floating
point number.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.getctime(path)

Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the
time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is
the creation time for *path*. The return value is a number giving
the number of seconds since the epoch (see the "time" module).
Raise "OSError" if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.getsize(path)

Return the size, in bytes, of *path*. Raise "OSError" if the file
does not exist or is inaccessible.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.isabs(path)

Return "True" if *path* is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that
means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a
(back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.isfile(path)

Return "True" if *path* is an "existing" regular file. This follows
symbolic links, so both "islink()" and "isfile()" can be true for
the same path.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.isdir(path)

Return "True" if *path* is an "existing" directory. This follows
symbolic links, so both "islink()" and "isdir()" can be true for
the same path.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.islink(path)

Return "True" if *path* refers to an "existing" directory entry
that is a symbolic link. Always "False" if symbolic links are not
supported by the Python runtime.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.ismount(path)

Return "True" if pathname *path* is a *mount point*: a point in a
file system where a different file system has been mounted. On
POSIX, the function checks whether *path*’s parent, "path/..", is
on a different device than *path*, or whether "path/.." and *path*
point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect
mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. On Windows, a drive
letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any
other path "GetVolumePathName" is called to see if it is different
from the input path.

New in version 3.4: Support for detecting non-root mount points on
Windows.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.join(path, *paths)

Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value
is the concatenation of *path* and any members of **paths* with
exactly one directory separator ("os.sep") following each non-empty
part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a
separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute
path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues
from the absolute path component.

On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path
component (e.g., "r'\foo'") is encountered. If a component
contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away
and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current
directory for each drive, "os.path.join("c:", "foo")" represents a
path relative to the current directory on drive "C:" ("c:foo"), not
"c:\foo".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object* for *path* and
*paths*.

os.path.normcase(path)

Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this
returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it
converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts
forward slashes to backward slashes. Raise a TypeError if the type
of *path* is not "str" or "bytes" (directly or indirectly through
the "os.PathLike" interface).

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.normpath(path)

Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-
level references so that "A//B", "A/B/", "A/./B" and "A/foo/../B"
all become "A/B". This string manipulation may change the meaning
of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts
forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use
"normcase()".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.realpath(path)

Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating
any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported
by the operating system).

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.relpath(path, start=os.curdir)

Return a relative filepath to *path* either from the current
directory or from an optional *start* directory. This is a path
computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the
existence or nature of *path* or *start*.

*start* defaults to "os.curdir".

Availability: Unix, Windows.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.samefile(path1, path2)

Return "True" if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or
directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node
number and raises an exception if an "os.stat()" call on either
pathname fails.

Availability: Unix, Windows.

Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support.

Changed in version 3.4: Windows now uses the same implementation as
all other platforms.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)

Return "True" if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to the
same file.

Availability: Unix, Windows.

Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)

Return "True" if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the
same file. These structures may have been returned by "os.fstat()",
"os.lstat()", or "os.stat()". This function implements the
underlying comparison used by "samefile()" and "sameopenfile()".

Availability: Unix, Windows.

Changed in version 3.4: Added Windows support.

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.split(path)

Split the pathname *path* into a pair, "(head, tail)" where *tail*
is the last pathname component and *head* is everything leading up
to that. The *tail* part will never contain a slash; if *path*
ends in a slash, *tail* will be empty. If there is no slash in
*path*, *head* will be empty. If *path* is empty, both *head* and
*tail* are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from *head* unless
it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases,
"join(head, tail)" returns a path to the same location as *path*
(but the strings may differ). Also see the functions "dirname()"
and "basename()".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.splitdrive(path)

Split the pathname *path* into a pair "(drive, tail)" where *drive*
is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do
not use drive specifications, *drive* will always be the empty
string. In all cases, "drive + tail" will be the same as *path*.

On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and
relative path.

If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything
up to and including the colon. e.g. "splitdrive("c:/dir")" returns
"("c:", "/dir")"

If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name
and share, up to but not including the fourth separator. e.g.
"splitdrive("//host/computer/dir")" returns "("//host/computer",
"/dir")"

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.splitext(path)

Split the pathname *path* into a pair "(root, ext)" such that
"root + ext == path", and *ext* is empty or begins with a period
and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename
are ignored; "splitext('.cshrc')" returns "('.cshrc', '')".

Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a *path-like object*.

os.path.splitunc(path)

Deprecated since version 3.1: Use *splitdrive* instead.

Split the pathname *path* into a pair "(unc, rest)" so that *unc*
is the UNC mount point (such as "r'\\host\mount'"), if present, and
*rest* the rest of the path (such as "r'\path\file.ext'"). For
paths containing drive letters, *unc* will always be the empty
string.

Availability: Windows.

os.path.supports_unicode_filenames

"True" if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names
(within limitations imposed by the file system).