Python 3.6.5 Documentation >  Numeric and Mathematical Modules

Numeric and Mathematical Modules
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The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related
functions and data types. The "numbers" module defines an abstract
hierarchy of numeric types. The "math" and "cmath" modules contain
various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers.
The "decimal" module supports exact representations of decimal
numbers, using arbitrary precision arithmetic.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

* "numbers" — Numeric abstract base classes

* The numeric tower

* Notes for type implementors

* Adding More Numeric ABCs

* Implementing the arithmetic operations

* "math" — Mathematical functions

* Number-theoretic and representation functions

* Power and logarithmic functions

* Trigonometric functions

* Angular conversion

* Hyperbolic functions

* Special functions

* Constants

* "cmath" — Mathematical functions for complex numbers

* Conversions to and from polar coordinates

* Power and logarithmic functions

* Trigonometric functions

* Hyperbolic functions

* Classification functions

* Constants

* "decimal" — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic

* Quick-start Tutorial

* Decimal objects

* Logical operands

* Context objects

* Constants

* Rounding modes

* Signals

* Floating Point Notes

* Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

* Special values

* Working with threads

* Recipes

* Decimal FAQ

* "fractions" — Rational numbers

* "random" — Generate pseudo-random numbers

* Bookkeeping functions

* Functions for integers

* Functions for sequences

* Real-valued distributions

* Alternative Generator

* Notes on Reproducibility

* Examples and Recipes

* "statistics" — Mathematical statistics functions

* Averages and measures of central location

* Measures of spread

* Function details

* Exceptions